Iindlela zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizixhobo ezifana neemitha zamanzi ze-ultrasonic, kwaye izibonelelo kunye neengxaki zazo zibonakala kakhulu ekuguquguqukeni, iindleko, uzinzo, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, njl. Oku kulandelayo luhlalutyo lweenzuzo kunye neengxaki zeendlela zonxibelelwano ezingenazingcingo eziqhelekileyo:
I. LoRa (iRadio ende)
Iingenelo:
- Umgama omde wothumelo: Ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1-3 yeekhilomitha kwiindawo zasezidolophini kunye ne-5-10 yeekhilomitha kwiindawo zasezidolophini/ezivulekileyo, ezifanelekileyo kwiindawo ezinkulu zothungelwano lwezixhobo ezisasazwayo (ezifana neenkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi zasemaphandleni kunye neenethiwekhi zemibhobho zasezidolophini).
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi: Isebenzisa iteknoloji ye-spread-spectrum, inamandla aphantsi kakhulu. Xa isetyenziswa ziibhetri, ubomi bayo benkonzo bunokufikelela kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kweli-10, nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zokugcina ibhetri itshintshwa rhoqo.
- Amandla okulwa nokuphazamiseka: Amandla okulwa nengxolo kunye nokuphazamiseka kweendlela ezininzi aphuculwa ngonxibelelwano lwe-spread-spectrum, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ifaneleke kwiindawo zoshishino ezintsonkothileyo.
- Inkxaso yothungelwano olukhulu: Isango elinye linokudibanisa amawaka ezixhobo, ezifanelekileyo ukusasazwa okukhulu kwaye lineendleko eziphantsi zothungelwano.
Iingxaki:
- Izinga lokudlulisa idatha eliphantsi: Liphantsi konxibelelwano lwe-narrowband, kunye nezinga elihlala liqala kumashumi ukuya kumakhulu e-kbps, elingafanelekanga ukudlulisa idatha eninzi yexesha langempela (njengedatha yokubeka esweni rhoqo).
- Ukuxhomekeka ekusetyenzisweni kwesango: Kufuneka kusetyenziswe amasango eLoRa azinikeleyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni kubekho utyalo-mali olukhulu lokuqala lwezixhobo. Ngaphezu koko, ukugutyungelwa kwesignali yamasango kuchaphazeleka kakhulu ngumhlaba (njengezakhiwo kunye nemiqobo).
II. I-NB-IoT (i-Narrowband Internet yezinto)
Iingenelo:
- Uluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lokugubungela: Ixhomekeke kwizikhululo zeselula ezisebenzayo, inamandla okugubungela (ingangena eludongeni nakwimibhobho engaphantsi komhlaba), ifanelekile kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi zasezidolophini okanye izixhobo ezingaphantsi komhlaba (ezifana neemitha zamanzi ezingcwatyiweyo).
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi: Ubomi bebhetri bunokufikelela kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kweyesi-8, nto leyo ehlangabezana neemfuno zokusebenza okuzinzileyo ixesha elide.
- Inkxaso yoqhagamshelo olukhulu: Isikhululo esinye sesiseko sinokuqhagamshela izixhobo ezili-100,000, ezifanelekileyo ekuguqulweni kwemitha yamanzi ekrelekrele enkulu yasezidolophini.
- Akukho mfuneko yokwakha iziseko zophuhliso ezizimeleyo: Sebenzisa inethiwekhi yomqhubi ngqo, wonge iindleko zokufakwa kwesango, kwaye ungaqhagamshelwa kwinethiwekhi ngokukhululekileyo.
Iingxaki:
- Ukuxhomekeka kwiimpawu zomsebenzisi: Iindawo ezikude okanye iindawo ezingabonakaliyo kwiimpawu (ezifana nezindlu ezingaphantsi) zisenokunganxibelelani ngokuqhelekileyo, nto leyo edinga ukufakelwa okongezelelweyo kwezixhobo zokuphucula iimpawu.
- Kukho iintlawulo zendlela: Kubalulekile ukuhlawula iintlawulo zedatha kubaqhubi, kwaye iindleko zinokuqokelelana ngexesha lokusetyenziswa okukhulu ixesha elide.
- Izinga ledatha elilinganiselweyo: Yiteknoloji ye-narrowband enezinga eliphantsi (ngesiqhelo ingaphantsi kwama-200 kbps), engafanelekanga ukuhanjiswa kwedatha rhoqo kwaye inamandla amakhulu.
III. I-Bluetooth
Iingenelo:
- Ukusasazwa okuguquguqukayo: Akukho siseko songezelelweyo esifunekayo. Inganxibelelana ngokuthe ngqo neefowuni eziphathwayo kunye nezixhobo eziphathwayo kumgama omfutshane (iimitha ezili-10-100), iququzelela ulungiso lweengxaki kwindawo kunye nokufunda idatha (ezifana nabafundi beemitha abafunda idatha kwindawo ngeeterminal eziphathwayo).
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi: Kwimowudi yeBluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuphantsi kakhulu, nto leyo engenampembelelo ingako kubomi bebhetri yesixhobo.
- Ukuhambelana okuqinileyo: Phantse zonke ii-terminals ezikrelekrele (iifowuni eziphathwayo, iitablet) zixhasa iBluetooth, ngaphandle kwesidingo sezixhobo ezizinikeleyo.
Iingxaki:
- Umgama omfutshane wokudlulisa: Kuvumelekile kuphela unxibelelwano lomgama omfutshane, olungenakuhlangabezana neemfuno zokufundwa okanye ukubekwa esweni kwemitha ekude.
- Ukhuseleko oluphantsi: Kulula ukuphazanyiswa okanye ukuvalelwa, kwaye akufanelekanga ukudlulisa idatha eyimfihlo (efana nedatha yokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngabasebenzisi).
- Umsebenzi omnye: Inokwenza kuphela unxibelelwano olufutshane oluvela kwindawo ukuya kwenye kwaye ayinakwenza inethiwekhi enkulu.
IV. I-GPRS/4G (Inethiwekhi yeSelfowuni)
Iingenelo:
- Izinga eliphezulu lokudluliselwa kwedatha: Izinga le-4G lingafikelela kwi-100 Mbps, elinokudlulisa idatha eninzi ngexesha langempela (njengokujonga ukuhamba kwamanzi rhoqo kwiimitha zamanzi zoshishino).
- Uluhlu olubanzi lokugubungela: Ngokuxhomekeke kuthungelwano oluvuthiweyo lwabaqhubi, phantse akukho ndawo zonxibelelwano ezingabonakaliyo (ngaphandle kweendawo ezikude kakhulu).
- Ukusebenza kakuhle ngexesha langempela: Ukulibaziseka kokudluliselwa kwedatha kuphantsi, kulungele iimeko ezineemfuno eziphezulu ngexesha langempela (ezifana nokujonga ukuvuza kunye ne-alamu yokuhamba okungaqhelekanga).
Iingxaki:
- Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphezulu: Le module ifuna umbane oqhubekayo ngexesha lokusebenza, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ibhetri ihlale ixesha elifutshane (ngesiqhelo iminyaka eyi-1-2). Ifuna umbane wangaphandle okanye ukutshintshwa rhoqo kwebhetri, kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokulungisa.
- Ixabiso eliphezulu: Kufuneka kuhlawulwe iindleko zephakheji yekhadi le-SIM, kwaye iindleko zokusebenzisa ixesha elide ziphezulu kakhulu kunezo ze-LoRa/NB-IoT.
- Uzinzo lwesignali luchaphazeleka yimeko-bume: Isignali inokuba buthathaka kwiindawo ezifana nezindlu ezingaphantsi komhlaba kunye nemibhobho evaliweyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuphazamisekeni kokudluliselwa kwedatha.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-08-2025