Ukusetyenziswa Okubanzi Kwee-Electromagnetic Flowmeters: Iimbono Zasekhaya Nakwamanye Amazwe

I. Izicelo zasekhaya: Ezilungiselelwe iimfuno zoshishino lwengingqi

1. Ulawulo lwaManzi naManzi amdaka lukaMasipala​

Kumazwe anabantu abaninzi njengeTshayina neIndiya, ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kamasipala kunye nonyango lwamanzi amdaka zezona zinto zibalulekileyo, kwaye ii-EM flowmeters zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuculeni ezi nkqubo. Umzekelo, eTshayina, iphulo likarhulumente elithi "Sponge City"—elijolise ekuphuculeni ukuqina kwamanzi asezidolophini—lixhomekeke kakhulu kwii-EM flowmeters ukujonga ukusasazwa kwamanzi kwimibhobho, ukulandelela ukuhamba kwamanzi amdaka kwizityalo zonyango, kunye nokulinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokuvuna amanzi emvula. Ngokungafaniyo nee-mechanical flowmeters, izixhobo ze-EM zinokusingatha ukungcoliswa okuphezulu kunye nomxholo wedaka oqhelekileyo kumanzi amdaka asezidolophini aseTshayina, ukuqinisekisa idatha echanekileyo yokufumanisa ukuvuza kunye nokuqikelela imfuno. Kwizixeko ezifana neShanghai neBeijing, ii-EM flowmeters zidityaniswe kwiinethiwekhi zamanzi ezikrelekrele, okuvumela ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngexesha langempela kwiindawo zokuhlala, zorhwebo, kunye nezoshishino. Oku akunciphisi nje kuphela amanzi angengongeniso (i-NRW) — umngeni ohlala ixesha elide kwiinkonzo zaseTshayina — kodwa kukwaxhasa izigqibo eziqhutywa yidatha zokwaba izixhobo zamanzi ngokulinganayo.​

E-United States, ukusetyenziswa koomasipala kwee-EM flowmeters kugxile ekuthobeleni imithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo, njengoMthetho waManzi acocekileyo. Izixeko ezifana neNew York neLos Angeles zisebenzisa ii-EM flowmeters kwizityalo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi amdaka anganyangwanga ukuya kwiindawo zonyango kunye nokukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka acociweyo emilanjeni okanye elwandle. Amandla ezixhobo okugcina ukuchaneka kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okuhamba kwamanzi (ukusuka kumathontsi aphantsi ngexesha leemvula ezomileyo ukuya kumanzi aphezulu emva kwemvula enkulu) kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkonzo zihlangabezana nemida yokukhupha amanzi kwaye ziphephe iindleko ezibizayo. Ukongeza, kwimimandla esengozini yembalela, njengeCalifornia, ii-EM flowmeters zisetyenziselwa ukujonga ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi okunkcenkceshela kwezolimo, ukunceda abasemagunyeni bakarhulumente ukuba banyanzelise imiyalelo yokulondolozwa kwamanzi ngelixa beqinisekisa ukuba abalimi bafumana intlawulo echanekileyo yokusebenzisa amanzi abo.

2. Ukwenziwa kweMveliso

Ngaphakathi kumacandelo emizi-mveliso yasekhaya, ii-EM flowmeters zenzelwe ukujongana nemingeni ethile kushishino. EJamani, inkokheli yehlabathi kwimveliso yeemoto kunye neekhemikhali, ii-EM flowmeters zibalulekile kwiinkqubo ezichanekileyo. Izityalo zeemoto zizisebenzisa ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwee-coolants, ii-lubricants, kunye neefomyula zepeyinti—ulwelo oluhlala luqulathe amasuntswana axhonyiweyo okanye izongezo eziya kuvala iimitha zoomatshini. Ukuchaneka kwezixhobo ze-EM kuqinisekisa umgangatho wemveliso ohambelanayo, njengoko notshintsho oluncinci ekuhambeni kolwelo lunokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwezixhobo zeemoto. Kwizityalo zeekhemikhali kulo lonke elaseJamani, ii-EM flowmeters zisingatha ulwelo olubolayo (ezifana nee-asidi kunye nezinyibilikisi) ngenxa yeetyhubhu zazo zokuhamba ezingamelani nokugqwala (ezifakwe i-PTFE okanye i-ceramic), zithintela ukuvuza kwaye ziqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzi.​

EJapan, indawo ephambili yokwenziwa kwezinto ze-elektroniki kunye ne-semiconductor, ii-EM flowmeters zisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zamanzi ezicocekileyo kakhulu ezibalulekileyo ekuvelisweni kweetshiphusi. Ukwenziwa kwee-semiconductor kufuna amanzi angcolileyo aphantse abe yi-zero, kwaye ii-EM flowmeters—ezineendlela zazo zokuhamba ezigudileyo nezingenamqobo—zithintela ukungcolisa amanzi ngelixa zibonelela ngedatha echanekileyo yokuhamba. Oku kubalulekile kwiinkqubo ezifana nokucoca ii-wafer, apho namasuntswana amancinci anokwenza iitshiphusi zibe nesiphako. Abavelisi baseJapan bakwaxhomekeke kwii-EM flowmeters kwimveliso yokutya neziselo, njenge-in sake breweries, ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwerayisi kunye namanzi, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwencasa kunye nomxholo wotywala ngelixa bethobela imigangatho engqongqo yokhuseleko lokutya.​

II. Izicelo Zamazwe Ngamazwe: Izisombululo Ezinqamlezileyo Zemingeni Yehlabathi​

1. Ishishini leoyile negesi​

Icandelo le-oyile negesi lehlabathi lixhomekeke kwi-EM flowmeters ukujongana nemingeni eyahlukileyo yokulinganisa ulwelo lwe-hydrocarbon, oluhlala luqinile, lubola, okanye lunesanti kunye nenkunkuma. KuMbindi Mpuma—ikhaya lezona ndawo zigcina ioyile zinkulu kwihlabathi—ii-EM flowmeters zisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi ephezulu (ukukhupha ioyile) ukulinganisa ukuhamba kweoyile ekrwada ukusuka emigodini ukuya kwimibhobho. Ngokungafaniyo nee-turbine meters, ezinokonakala ngamasuntswana esanti kwioyile ekrwada, izixhobo ze-EM azinazo iindawo ezihambayo, nto leyo ezenza zihlale ixesha elide kwiimeko ezinzima zasentlango. Kwimisebenzi ephantsi komlambo, efana neendawo zokucoca eSaudi Arabia nase-United Arab Emirates, ii-EM flowmeters zilinganisa ukuhamba kweemveliso ezicociweyo (ezifana nepetroli kunye nedizili) ngexesha lokuxuba nokusasaza, ukuqinisekisa ukulinganisa ngokuchanekileyo izongezo kunye nokuthobela imigangatho yomgangatho wamafutha wamazwe ngamazwe.​

Kwimimandla yeoyile engaselunxwemeni, njengaleyo ikwiNorth Sea (eqhutywa ziinkampani ezivela e-UK, eNorway, naseNetherlands), ii-EM flowmeters zifakwa kwimibhobho engaphantsi kolwandle ukulinganisa ukuhamba kweoyile negesi. Ezi zixhobo zenzelwe ukumelana noxinzelelo olukhulu (ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10,000 psi) kunye namaqondo obushushu aphantsi, kwaye uyilo lwazo olungahambelaniyo lususa umngcipheko wokungasebenzi kakuhle koomatshini kwiindawo ezikude, ezinzima ukuzigcina zicocekile. Idatha yexesha langempela evela kwii-EM flowmeters inceda abaqhubi ukuba baphucule amazinga emveliso kwaye babone ukuvuza kwangethuba, kunciphisa umonakalo okusingqongileyo kunye nelahleko zemali—ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezinobuzaza kwindalo ezifana neNorth Sea.​

2. Ukubeka iliso kwiNdalo kunye noZinzo​

Kwihlabathi liphela, ii-EM flowmeters zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo ekujongeni utshintsho lwemozulu kunye nokukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo, kunye nezicelo eziquka iiprojekthi eziwela imida. I-European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD), ejolise ekubuyiseleni nasekugcineni imeko entle yendalo yazo zonke iindawo zamanzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ixhomekeke kwii-EM flowmeters ukujonga ukukhutshwa kwemilambo, ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, kunye nokuhamba kokungcola okuvela kwiindawo zoshishino ukuya emanzini. Umzekelo, kwiDanube River Basin—eyabelwana ngamazwe ali-19—ii-EM flowmeters zifakelwa kwiindawo zokujonga umda ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokufumanisa ukukhutshwa okungekho mthethweni, okuvumela intsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe ukunciphisa ungcoliseko. Amandla ezixhobo okulinganisa amanzi acocekileyo nangcolileyo aqinisekisa ukuba idatha inokuthenjwa, nakwiindawo ezinomsebenzi omkhulu wemizi-mveliso.​

Kumazwe asaphuhlayo kulo lonke elaseAfrika nakuMzantsi-mpuma weAsia, ii-EM flowmeters zixhasa iiprojekthi zoncedo lwamazwe ngamazwe ezigxile ekufikeleleni kumanzi acocekileyo. Imibutho efana ne-United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) isebenzisa ii-EM flowmeters kwiinkqubo zokubonelela ngamanzi zasemaphandleni ukulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi ukusuka kwimingxuma ukuya kwiimpompo zoluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zisasazwa ngokulinganayo kwaye iinkqubo zisebenza ngokufanelekileyo. Kwimimandla efana neRift Valley yaseKenya, apho ukunqongophala kwamanzi kuxhaphake khona, ii-EM flowmeters zinceda ukulandelela iipatheni zokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, zivumela amaqela oncedo ukuba ayile iinkqubo zolondolozo ezijolise ngakumbi. Ukongeza, kwiMekong River Basin eMzantsi-mpuma weAsia, ii-EM flowmeters zisetyenziselwa ukujonga impembelelo yamadama ombane wamanzi ekuhambeni komlambo, zibonelela ngedatha kwimibutho yamazwe ngamazwe elawula ukwakhiwa kwamadama ukukhusela iintlanzi kunye noluntu lwasekuhlaleni oluxhomekeke kumlambo ukuze luphile.​

III. Ukuthelekisa izicelo zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe: Ukudibana kunye nokwahlukana​

Nangona umsebenzi oyintloko wee-flowmeters ze-EM uhlala ungaguquguquki kwihlabathi liphela, usetyenziso lwazo lubonisa izinto eziza kuqala kummandla kunye neemfuno zoshishino. Kumazwe aphuhlileyo (umz., i-US, iYurophu, iJapan), usetyenziso luhlala lugxininisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho engqongqo (indalo, ukhuseleko, umgangatho) kunye nokuhlanganiswa neenkqubo ezikrelekrele nezizenzekelayo. Umzekelo, abavelisi baseYurophu babeka phambili ii-flowmeters ze-EM ezineenkqubo zonxibelelwano lwedijithali (ezifana neProfinet okanye iWirelessHART) ukuze ziqhagamshelwe kwiifektri ezisebenzisa i-Industry 4.0, ngelixa usetyenziso lwase-US lugxila kwizixhobo ezixhasa ii-algorithms zokufumanisa ukuvuza eziphambili.​

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kumazwe asaphuhlayo (umz., iIndiya, iKenya, iVietnam), usetyenziso lugxile kakhulu ekusebenzeni kakuhle okusisiseko kunye nokufikeleleka kwezixhobo. Ii-EM flowmeters zisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa inkunkuma yamanzi, ukuqinisekisa ukusasazwa ngokulinganayo, kunye nokuxhasa iiprojekthi zeziseko zophuhliso ezingabizi kakhulu—ngokuqhelekileyo ngeemodeli ezilula nezingabizi kakhulu ezibeka phambili ukuqina kuneempawu zedijithali eziphambili. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukudibana okukhulayo njengoko amazwe asaphuhlayo esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obukrelekrele: umzekelo, ukuhlanganiswa kweTshayina kwee-EM flowmeters kwizixeko ezikrelekrele kubonisa imizamo efanayo eYurophu, ngelixa ukunyanzeliswa kweIndiya kutshanje kwe-"Digital India" kukhokelele ekwamkelweni okwandisiweyo kwee-EM flowmeters ezinezakhono zokujonga kude kwiinkqubo zamanzi asezidolophini.​

Olunye umahluko omkhulu lukwingqwalasela kushishino: kwiindawo ezityebileyo ngeoyile ezifana neMbindi Mpuma, ii-EM flowmeters zigxile kakhulu kwicandelo lamandla, ngelixa kwiindawo zokuvelisa ezifana neJamani neJapan, zilawula iinkqubo zoshishino. Kuqoqosho lwezolimo olufana neBrazil, ii-EM flowmeters zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ukuphucula ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwizityalo ezifana neesoya kunye nekofu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuxhomekeka kwelizwe kwezolimo ekukhuleni koqoqosho.​

Isiphelo​

Ii-electromagnetic flowmeters zidlule kwimida yengingqi ukuze zibe sisisombululo esibanzi sokulinganisa ulwelo, ziqhutywa kukuchaneka kwazo, ukuguquguquka kwazo, kunye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Ukusuka kwizixeko ezikrelekrele zaseTshayina nakwiifektri zeemoto zaseJamani ukuya kumasimi eoyile aseMbindi Mpuma kunye neenkqubo zamanzi zasemaphandleni zaseAfrika, ii-EM flowmeters zijongana nemingeni ekhethekileyo yengingqi ngelixa zinegalelo kwiinjongo zehlabathi zokuzinza, ukusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokulingana kwezixhobo. Njengoko amashishini kwihlabathi liphela eqhubeka nokwamkela ubuchwepheshe obukrelekrele kunye nemithetho engqongqo yokusingqongileyo, imfuno yee-EM flowmeters iya kukhula kuphela—iqinisa indima yayo njengesiseko solawulo lwanamhlanje lolwelo. Nokuba kusezindaweni zasekhaya okanye zamazwe ngamazwe, ezi zixhobo zingqina ukuba uyilo olutsha kubuchwepheshe bokulinganisa alukho nje malunga nokuchaneka, kodwa malunga nokuxhobisa uluntu, amashishini, kunye nezizwe ukuba zisebenzise izixhobo ngobulumko ngakumbi kwihlabathi elitshintsha ngokukhawuleza.