Ii-Open-Channel Flowmeters: "Abaphathi Bokulinganisa" Abangadunyiswanga Bezinto Ezingenaxinzelelo

Kwihlabathi lokulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi, apho iinkqubo zemibhobho evaliweyo (ezifana nemibhobho yokuhambisa amanzi okanye imibhobho yemizi-mveliso) zihlala zithathelwa ingqalelo, ii-flowmeters zemijelo evulekileyo zivela ngokuzolileyo "njengabaphathi" ababalulekileyo bolwelo olungacinezelwanga. Ngokungafaniyo nee-closed pipe meters ezixhomekeke kwiinguqu zoxinzelelo okanye intshukumo yoomatshini, ezi zixhobo zenzelwe ukujongana nemingeni ekhethekileyo yemijelo evulekileyo—iindlela ezingavalwanga ezifana nemilambo, imijelo yokukhupha amanzi, imijelo yamanzi amdaka, kunye nemijelo yokunkcenkceshela—apho ulwelo luhamba ngokukhululekileyo phantsi komxhuzulane. Kunokuba zibe sisixhobo esibalulekileyo, ii-flowmeters zemijelo evulekileyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwemithombo yamanzi, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemizi-mveliso, kodwa igalelo lazo lidla ngokunganakwa. Eli nqaku lichaza imigaqo yazo yokusebenza, uyilo olutsha, kunye nempembelelo yehlabathi lokwenyani, licacisa ukuba kutheni zingumqolo wokulinganisa ulwelo olungacinezelwanga.​

Umngeni oPhambili: Ukulinganisa uMsinga Ongaphelelanga​

Iitshaneli ezivulekileyo zinemiqobo eyahlukileyo yokulinganisa engenakukwazi ukuyisingatha kwiimitha zepayipi ezivaliweyo. Ngokungafaniyo neepayipi, apho ulwelo lugcinwe khona kwaye uxinzelelo luhlala luhleli, iitshaneli ezivulekileyo zinobunzulu bokuhamba okuguquguqukayo, isantya esingalinganiyo (sikhawuleza embindini, sicotha kufutshane nemiphetho), kwaye zisengozini yokungcola, inkunkuma, kunye nokuphazamiseka kwemozulu. Iindlela zemveli zezandla—ezifana nokusebenzisa ii-weirs okanye ii-flumes ezinee-geage zobunzulu bezandla—zifuna umsebenzi omninzi, zisengozini yokwenza iimpazamo zomntu, kwaye azikwazi ukubonelela ngedatha yexesha langempela. Ii-flowmeter zetshaneli evulekileyo zisombulula la manqaku entlungu ngokudibanisa umlinganiselo wobunzulu ozenzekelayo kunye nokubalwa kwesantya, zinikezela ngokufundwa okuchanekileyo, okuqhubekayo nakwiindawo eziguquguqukayo, ezingavalwanga.​

Indlela ii-Open-Channel Flowmeters ezisebenza ngayo: Umxube woBuchule kunye nokuZivumelanisa nezimo​

Kwisiseko sazo, ii-flowmeters ze-open-channel zisebenza ngomgaqo osisiseko: isantya sokuhamba (Q) = indawo enqamlezileyo yetshaneli (A) × isantya somndilili wolwelo (V). Ukubala oku, uninzi lweemodeli ludibanisa imisebenzi emibini ephambili: ukulinganisa ubunzulu kunye nokuva isantya, kunye noyilo olulungiselelwe ubungakanani beetshaneli ezahlukeneyo kunye neemeko zolwelo.

1. Umlinganiselo wobunzulu: Isiseko soBalo oluchanekileyo​

Ubunzulu lutshintsho lokuqala olubalulekileyo, njengoko lumisela ngokuthe ngqo indawo enqamlezileyo yesiteshi. Ii-flowmeters zetshaneli evulekileyo zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthathu obuqhelekileyo ukulinganisa ubunzulu:

• IiSensors zeUltrasonic: Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu. Isensor efakwe ngaphezulu kwetshaneli ikhupha amaza e-ultrasound kumphezulu wolwelo; ixesha elithathayo ukuba amaza abuyele umva liguqulwa libe nzulu. Olu yilo olungadibaniyo luthintela umonakalo ovela kwinkunkuma okanye inkunkuma, nto leyo eyenza ukuba ilungele imijelo yamanzi amdaka okanye imisele yamanzi amdaka.​

• IiTransducers zoxinzelelo: Kwiitshaneli ezincinci okanye iifluids ze-污浊, iitransducers zoxinzelelo ezingaphantsi komhlaba zilinganisa ubunzulu ngokubona uxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic lolwelo olungaphezulu (uxinzelelo luyanda ngobunzulu). Zihlala ixesha elide kodwa zifuna ukucocwa rhoqo ukuthintela ukwakheka kwenkunkuma.

• IiSensors zeLaser: Zisetyenziselwa iimeko ezichanekileyo (umz., ilabhoratri okanye ukujonga okusingqongileyo). Iilaser zikhupha umqadi omxinwa kumphezulu wolwelo, zibonelela ngokuchaneka kobunzulu be-millimetric—nangona zinovelwano kwinkungu, imvula, okanye ukuxinana komphezulu.​

2. Ukuqonda isantya: Ukubamba intshukumo yolwelo

Nje ukuba ubunzulu buyaziwa, imitha ibala isantya esiphakathi ukuze ibone isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi. Iiteknoloji eziqhelekileyo zokuvavanya isantya ziquka:

• I-Doppler Ultrasonics: I-sensor engaphantsi komhlaba ikhupha amaza e-ultrasonic atsiba kwiisuntswana ezihambayo (umz., i-sediment, amaqamza) kulwelo. Ukutshintsha rhoqo kwamaza abonakalisiweyo (i-Doppler effect) kubonisa isantya. Oku kusebenza kakuhle kulwelo oluneziqwenga eziguquguqukayo ezifana namanzi amdaka okanye amanzi omlambo.​

• IiSensors ze-Electromagnetic: Kwiziselo ezicocekileyo neziqhubayo (umz., amanzi okunkcenkceshela), iisensors ze-electromagnetic zisebenzisa ii-electrodes ukubona i-voltage eveliswa lulwelo oluhamba nge-magnetic field (umthetho kaFaraday wokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic). I-voltage ihambelana nesantya, inika ukuchaneka okuphezulu kwimijikelezo ezinzileyo.

• Iimitha zePropeller/Current: Indlela yoomatshini apho ipropeller ejikelezayo intywiliselwa kulwelo; isantya sepropeller sihambelana nesantya. Ezi zixabisa kancinci kwiitshaneli ezinkulu, ezihamba kancinci (umz., imijelo yezolimo) kodwa zifuna ukulungiswa rhoqo ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxinana kwinkunkuma.

Uyilo Olutsha Lweendawo Ezihlukeneyo​

Ii-flowmeters ze-open-channel azifanelani ngobukhulu obufanayo—uyilo lwazo luhambelana neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zezicelo ezahlukeneyo:

• Iimodeli zeClamp-On/Above-Channel: Kwimilambo emikhulu okanye kwiitshaneli ezilukhuni ukufikelela kuzo, ii-ultrasound sensors zifakelwa kwiibhulorho, iipali, okanye iindonga zeetshaneli, nto leyo esusa imfuneko yokuba kubekho iindawo ezintywiliselwa emanzini. Oku kulungele ukujonga okusingqongileyo kweendlela zamanzi zendalo.​

• Iipakethi ezintywiliselwa emanzini: Izinzwa ezincinci, ezingangeni manzi ezintywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo kwiitshaneli ezincinci (umz., imibhobho yamanzi amdaka yemizi-mveliso eguqulwe yaba ziitshaneli ezivulekileyo) okanye kwiidrayini zemvula. Ziyamelana nokugqwala kwaye zikhuselekile ekonakaleni.​

• Iinkqubo ze-Weir/Flume eziDibeneyo: Ukuze kulinganiswe ngokuchanekileyo kwiindawo ezilawulwayo (umz., izityalo zonyango lwamanzi), iimitha zidityaniswa nee-weirs (ii-notches kwi-channel) okanye ii-flumes (amacandelo axineneyo e-channel) ezenza iipatheni zokuhamba zilingane. I-meter emva koko isebenzisa idatha yobunzulu evela kwi-weir/flume ukubala isantya sokuhamba, ukunciphisa iimpazamo ezivela kwisantya esingalinganiyo.​

Impembelelo Yehlabathi Lokwenyani: Apho ii-Open-Channel Flowmeters zibaluleke kakhulu​

1. Ulawulo lwaManzi amdaka kaMasipala kunye naManzi eSiphepho​

Izixeko zixhomekeke kwiimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi ezivulekileyo ukuze zijonge izityalo zonyango lwamanzi amdaka (iiWWTP) kunye neenkqubo zamanzi emvula. KwiWWTP, iimitha zilandelela ukuhamba kwamanzi amdaka aluhlaza ukuya kwiitanki zonyango, ziqinisekisa ukuba isityalo sisebenza ngaphakathi komthamo waso kwaye siphatha amanzi ngokwemigangatho emiselweyo. Ngexesha leemvula, zilinganisa amanzi emvula kwimijelo yokukhupha amanzi, zinceda izixeko ukuba ziqikelele izikhukula, zilawule iziseko zophuhliso, kwaye zithintele ukugcwala kwamanzi kwimijelo yamanzi yendalo—okubalulekileyo ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko lwamanzi.​

2. Ukunkcenkceshela kwezolimo: Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngendlela eyiyo

Kwezolimo, imijelo evulekileyo (ii-canal) yeyona ndlela iphambili yokusasaza amanzi emasimini. Ii-flowmeters ezifakwe kwezi mijelo zilinganisa ukuba ingakanani na amanzi asetyenziswa yifama nganye okanye intsimi nganye, nto leyo evumela ukwabiwa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ikhuthaza ulondolozo. Umzekelo, kwiindawo ezirhabaxa ezifana neCentral Valley yaseCalifornia okanye iMurray-Darling Basin yase-Australia, iimitha zinceda abalimi ukuba baphephe ukunkcenkceshela kakhulu, ukunciphisa inkunkuma kunye nokunciphisa iindleko. Iimitha ezisekwe kwi-Doppler ziluncedo kakhulu apha, njengoko zisingatha i-sediment kunye nokuhamba okuguquguqukayo okuqhelekileyo kwimijelo yokunkcenkceshela.​

3. Ukubeka esweni okusingqongileyo: Ukukhusela iindlela zamanzi zendalo

Izazinzulu kunye neearhente zokusingqongileyo zisebenzisa ii-flowmeters ezivulelekileyo ukulandelela amazinga okuhamba kwamanzi emilanjeni, kwimilambo, nakumachibi. Olu lwazi lubalulekile:

• Ukuvavanya ukufumaneka kwamanzi kwiindawo ezihlala iintlanzi (umz., ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kwamanzi okwaneleyo ukuxhasa iindawo zokuhlala iintlanzi).

• Ukubeka esweni impembelelo yamadama okanye ukutsalwa kwamanzi (umz., ukulandelela indlela idama lombane elisebenzisa amanzi elichaphazela ngayo ukuhamba komlambo).

• Ukuphendula kwiziganeko zongcoliseko (umz., ukulinganisa isantya sokuhamba komlambo ukuze kubalwe ukuba zingakanani na izinto ezingcolisayo ezisasazekayo).

4. Ulawulo lweNkqubo yoShishino​

Amashishini afana nemigodi, ukwenziwa kwemveliso, kunye nokuveliswa kombane asebenzisa imijelo evulekileyo ukukhupha amanzi amdaka okanye izinto zokupholisa ezicociweyo. Ii-flowmeters ziqinisekisa ukuba ezi zinto zikhutshwayo ziyahambelana nemigaqo yokusingqongileyo (umz., zingadluli kwimida yokuhamba ebekwe ziigunya zasekuhlaleni) kwaye zinceda iifektri ukuba ziphucule ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi. Umzekelo, isikhululo samandla esisebenza ngamalahle singasebenzisa i-flowmeter ukujonga ukuhamba kwamanzi apholisayo kwisikhululo esivulekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba isikhululo sisebenza ngokufanelekileyo ngelixa sinciphisa inkunkuma yamanzi.​

Kutheni ii-Open-Channel Flowmeters zingenakutshintshwa​

Nangona iimitha zemibhobho evaliweyo zilawula kwiinkqubo ezixinzelelweyo, iimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi ezivulekileyo zizalisa umsantsa obalulekileyo wolwelo olungaxinzelelwanga. Ukuziqhelanisa kwazo neendawo ezirhabaxa neziguquguqukayo—ukusuka kwimisele yesaqhwithi egcwele inkunkuma ukuya kwimilambo ekude—kuzibeka zahlukile. Zikwavumela ukwenziwa kwezigqibo eziqhutywa yidatha: idatha yokuhamba kwamanzi ngexesha langempela inceda iinkonzo, abalimi, kunye neearhente ukuba ziphendule ngokukhawuleza kutshintsho (umz., izivunguvungu ezingalindelekanga, ukusilela kwezixhobo) kwaye idatha yexesha elide ixhasa iinjongo zokuzinza (umz., ukunciphisa inkunkuma yamanzi, ukukhusela iinkqubo zendalo).

Isiphelo​

Ii-flowmeters ezivulelekileyo zisenokuba "ziiqhawe ezingadunyiswanga" zokulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi, kodwa impembelelo yazo ayibonakali. Njengoko ihlabathi lijongene nemingeni ekhulayo yokunqongophala kwamanzi, ungcoliseko, kunye notshintsho lwemozulu, ezi zixhobo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ubutyebi bethu obuxabisekileyo - amanzi. Nokuba kuqinisekisa ukuba amanzi amdaka aphathwa ngokufanelekileyo, ukunceda abalimi basebenzise amanzi ngokufanelekileyo, okanye ukukhusela iinkqubo zendalo, ii-flowmeters ezivulelekileyo zibonisa ukuba ukulinganisa okusebenzayo linyathelo lokuqala lokulawula ngokunenkathalo. Kwihlabathi apho ulwelo olungacinezelwanga lubumba izixeko zethu, iifama, kunye nokusingqongileyo, ezi "baphathi bokulinganisa" zibaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili.