Kwimizi-mveliso apho ukulinganiswa kolwelo kubandakanya iimeko ezimanzi okanye ezinodaka oluphezulu—ezifana nemisebenzi yokwemba ejongene namanzi amdaka agcwele iiminerali kunye namasimi ezolimo alawula ukugeleza kwamanzi amdaka athwala amasuntswana omhlaba—iimitha zokuhamba zemveli zihlala zisilela ukubonelela ngokusebenza okuthembekileyo. Ukuvaleka, ukukrazula, kunye nokufundwa okungachanekanga ziingxaki eziqhelekileyo, ezikhokelela ekungasebenzi kakuhle kokusebenza, ukungathotyelwa kwemithetho, kunye nemingcipheko yokusingqongileyo. Nangona kunjalo, iimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi ezivulekileyo zenzelwe ukoyisa le mingeni: uyilo lwazo lwenzelwe ukuphatha ulwelo olumanzi nolutyebileyo, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe sisisombululo esifanelekileyo sokujonga ukugeleza kwamanzi emigodini kunye nokujonga ukugeleza kwamanzi ezolimo.
Eyona nto iphambili kwiimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi ezivulekileyo kwiimeko ezinzima zolwelo ngumgaqo wazo wokulinganisa ongangeneleliyo okanye ongadibaniyo kakhulu. Ngokungafaniyo neemitha zemibhobho evaliweyo ezixhomekeke kwiinzwa zangaphakathi (ezingcoliswa lula yi-sediment buildup) okanye kwiindawo zoomatshini (ezidla ngokuguguleka ngenxa yeenxalenye ezirhabaxa), iimitha zemibhobho evulekileyo zilinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi kwiindlela ezingacinezelwanga, ezivulekileyo (ezifana neemisele, ii-flumes, okanye ii-weirs) zisebenzisa iinzwa zangaphandle okanye ezingavezwanga kakhulu. Ubuchwepheshe obuqhelekileyo buquka i-ultrasonic (ukulinganisa inqanaba lamanzi ngamaza esandi), i-radar (ukusebenzisa amaza erediyo ukubona ukuphakama komphezulu), kunye ne-laser (yokulandelela inqanaba ngokuchanekileyo)—zonke ezithintela ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo neendawo ezigcwele i-sediment yolwelo. Olu yilo lususa iingozi zokuvaleka kwaye lunciphisa ukukrala, luqinisekisa ukuchaneka okuqhubekekayo nokuba ulwelo lunezinga eliphezulu lesanti, i-silt, okanye inkunkuma yezimbiwa. Umzekelo, iimitha zemibhobho evulekileyo ye-ultrasonic zisebenzisa ii-transducers ezifakwe ngaphezulu komphezulu wolwelo, zikhupha amaza aphuma emanzini ukuze zibale inqanaba (kwaye ngaloo ndlela izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi ngobungakanani bemibhobho elinganisiweyo kwangaphambili)—akukho nxalenye ingaphantsi kolwelo olune-turbid, akukho mngcipheko wokungcola kwenzwa.
Kwishishini lezemigodi, apho ulwelo olunenkunkuma eninzi, olune-sediment, luyimveliso eqhubekayo yokusebenza (ukusuka ekuhlanjweni kwe-ore ukuya kulawulo lwee-tailings), iimitha zokuhamba kwemisele evulekileyo zijongana neemfuno ezibalulekileyo zokusebenza kunye nokusingqongileyo. Amanzi amdaka okumba adla ngokuba namanqanaba aphezulu ezinto eziqinileyo ezixhonyiweyo (ezifana nee-iron ore fines okanye uthuli lwamalahle), ezinokukhubaza ngokukhawuleza iimitha zemibhobho ezivaliweyo zendabuko ngokuzivala ii-sensors okanye ukuguguleka kwezinto zangaphakathi. Iimitha zemisele evulekileyo, ngokwahlukileyo, ziyachuma kule meko: ii-sensors zazo zangaphandle zihlala zingenazo izinto ezidityanisiweyo, kwaye amandla azo okusingatha amazinga okuhamba aguquguqukayo (aqhelekileyo kwezemigodi, apho ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kunyuka ngexesha lokucubungula i-ore) kuqinisekisa ukujonga ngokuchanekileyo ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka. Oku kuchaneka kubalulekile ekuthobeleni imithetho: uninzi lwemimandla lufuna ukuba imigodi ixele ubungakanani bamanzi amdaka kunye namanqanaba e-sediment ukuthintela ungcoliseko lomlambo okanye lwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba. Umsebenzi wokumba igolide eNtshona Ostreliya, umzekelo, utshintshele kwiimitha zemisele evulekileyo ezisekwe kwi-radar ukuze kujongwe ukuphuma kwamanzi echibini. Ezi mitha azimelanga nje kuphela ulwelo olune-turbid kakhulu (olwaluvalele imitha yoomatshini veki nganye) kodwa lukwabonelele ngedatha yexesha langempela eyanceda umgodi ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwedaka ngama-22%—ukuphepha iindleko ezibizayo nokuphucula ukusebenza kokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, iimitha zetshaneli ezivulekileyo kulula ukuzifaka kwimisele yexeshana kunye nemijelo esetyenziswa rhoqo ekumbeni, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zibe bhetyebhetye ngakumbi kuneenkqubo zemibhobho evaliweyo ezizinzileyo.
Kwindlela yokujonga amanzi amdaka kwezolimo, iimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi ezivulekileyo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwamanzi oluzinzileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo. Ukuhamba kwamanzi ezolimo—amanzi aphuma emasimini emva kokunkcenkceshela okanye imvula—athwala amanqanaba aphezulu enkunkuma, izichumisi, kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane, nto leyo ebeka iingozi kwiindlela zamanzi ezikufutshane (ezifana nokukhupha amanzi amaninzi okanye ukukhukuliseka komhlaba). Iimitha zemveli ziyasokola apha: inkunkuma iyawavala amanzi angena emanzini, kwaye ukuhamba kwamanzi okuguquguqukayo (ukusuka kwimvula encinci ukuya kwimvula enkulu) kukhokelela ekufundweni okungachanekanga. Nangona kunjalo, iimitha zemisele evulekileyo zenzelwe ukujongana noku kuguquguquka: zinokulinganisa ukuhamba kwamanzi okuphantsi (umz., ukuvuza kwamanzi emva kokunkcenkceshela) kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi aphezulu (umz., ukuhamba kwamanzi ngesiphepho) ngokuchanekileyo okufanayo, kwaye izinzwa zazo ezingaphazamisiyo ziyamelana nokungcoliswa ngamasuntswana omhlaba. Kwifama enkulu yombona e-Iowa, ukufaka iimitha zemisele evulekileyo ye-ultrasonic kwimisele yokukhupha amanzi emasimini kwavumela abalimi ukuba balandele umthamo wokuhamba kwamanzi kwaye bachonge iindawo ezinomhlaba okhukuliseke kakhulu. Ngokulungisa iishedyuli zokunkcenkceshela kunye nokongeza izityalo zokugquma kwiindawo ezinamanzi amaninzi, ifama yanciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi ngama-30% kwaye yaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi—yanciphisa iindleko zokunkcenkceshela nge-15%. Kwimisebenzi yezolimo exhomekeke kwimigaqo yokusingqongileyo (efana noMthetho waManzi acocekileyo wase-US), iimitha zikwabonelela ngedatha eqinisekisiweyo yokuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa kwemida yokugeleza kwamanzi.
Enye inzuzo ephambili yeemitha zokuhamba kwemisele evulekileyo kuzo zombini ezi nkampani kukuba azidingi kulungiswa kakhulu. Kwimigodi, apho izixhobo zihlala zikwiindawo ezikude, ezinzima ukufikelela kuzo, ukulungiswa rhoqo kweemitha kubiza kakhulu kwaye kuthatha ixesha. Iimitha zemisele evulekileyo, ezingenazo iindawo ezihamba phantsi kwamanzi, zifuna ukucocwa rhoqo kweenzwa zangaphandle (ngokulula ukwenziwa ngebrashi) kunye nokulinganiswa konyaka—ukunciphisa iindleko zokugcina ukuya kuthi ga kwi-50% xa kuthelekiswa neemitha zemveli. Kwezolimo, apho iimitha zivezwa kwimozulu, uyilo oluhlala ixesha elide (ezifana neendawo ezivalekileyo ezimelana nemozulu kunye nezinto ezimelana nokugqwala) ziqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo emvuleni, kubushushu, okanye kubanda. Iimodeli ezininzi ziquka iimpawu ezikrelekrele, ezinje ngokudluliselwa kwedatha ekude nge-IoT, okuvumela abaqhubi bemigodi okanye abalimi ukuba bajonge amazinga okuhamba ukusuka kwindawo ephakathi—ukonga ixesha kunye nokuphucula ukubonakala kokusebenza.
Nangona iimitha zokuhamba kwamanzi ezivulekileyo zinokuba neendleko eziphezulu kwangaphambili kuneemitha zoomatshini ezisisiseko, iingenelo zazo zexesha elide zokwembiwa kwemigodi kunye nokujonga ukugeleza kwamanzi kwezolimo zingaphezulu kakhulu kolu tyalo-mali. Kwimigodi, iindleko zokugcina ezinciphileyo, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo kuthetha ukuba yimbuyekezo kutyalo-mali kwisithuba seminyaka emi-2-3. Kwiifama, ukusebenza kakuhle kwamanzi okuphuculweyo, ukulahleka kwenkunkuma okunciphileyo, kunye neendleko zokunkcenkceshela eziphantsi zibonelela ngeenzuzo zemali ezifanayo-kunye nenzuzo eyongezelelweyo yolawulo lomhlaba oluzinzileyo.
Njengoko imigodi kunye nezolimo zijongene noxinzelelo olukhulayo lokunciphisa impembelelo yokusingqongileyo kwaye zisebenze ngokufanelekileyo, iimitha zokuhamba kwemisele evulekileyo yolwelo olune-turbid/high-sediment ziye zaba zizixhobo ezibalulekileyo. Ukukwazi kwazo ukudibanisa ukuqina, ukuchaneka, kunye nokugcinwa okuncinci kuzenza zifaneleke ngokupheleleyo kwimingeni eyahlukileyo yala mashishini. Nokuba kujongwa amanzi amdaka emigodini ukukhusela iindlela zamanzi okanye ukulandelela ukuhamba kwamanzi kwezolimo ukuze kulondolozwe umhlaba namanzi, iimitha zokuhamba kwemisele evulekileyo zingaphezulu kwesisombululo sokulinganisa—zingumqhubi ophambili wemisebenzi ezinzileyo. Kuyo nayiphi na ishishini elijongene nolwelo olune-turbid okanye olutyebileyo kwi-sediment, ezi mitha zibonisa ukuba iimeko ezinzima azithethi ukuba ukusebenza kuyaphazamiseka.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Okthobha-20-2025